Pay gap? Yes. Discrimination? Rarely.
Last spring I had the honor of talking about equal pay legislation with Stephanie Thomas on her podcast The Proactive Employer. My counterpart and the star of the show was Lilly Ledbetter.
Yes. That Lilly Ledbetter. Lilly Ledbetter of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act. The Lilly Ledbetter who wore a red suit and stood beside President Obama when he signed the Fair Pay Act into law. Ms. Ledbetter had recently published her book, Grace and Grit: My Fight for Fairness and Equal Pay at Goodyear and Beyond.
Yes, I am serious! The Lilly Ledbetter who is standing right behind the President!
Stephanie is always great, and Ms. Ledbetter herself was a gracious and charming lady, and our half hour flew right by. If she hadn't lived two states away from me, I would have invited her over for dinner.
Ms. Ledbetter strongly believes that pay discrimination against women is rampant. And a women's advocacy group has recently come out with a study showing that, between 2011 and 2012, women's relative pay has dropped from about 82 cents for each dollar that men earn to only about 81 cents on the male dollar.
At the same time, we have extremely well-compensated female super-executives like Sheryl Sandberg of Facebook saying that women aren't as successful, not because men are holding them back, but because women don't want success enough, or something like that, and Marissa Mayer, CEO of Yahoo, saying she's not a feminist and abolishing telecommuting for her employees while building herself a baby nursery next door to her office. (Sisterhood is powerful, baby! This is what we fought for!)
THE PRICE WAS WRONG: I had reported earlier on model Brandi Cochran's $7.7 million verdict in a pregnancy discrimination lawsuit against the long-running TV game show The Price Is Right. The trial judge has now granted the show's motion for a new trial, saying that he gave an erroneous jury instruction according to a California Supreme Court decision that was issued after the trial. I'll continue to keep you posted on this and all daytime-TV-related employment law.
So, with all apologies to Lilly Ledbetter, as we approach the sixth anniversary of the Supreme Court's decision saying that Ms. Ledbetter's case against Goodyear was untimely (a decision that Congress overruled by passing the Ledbetter Fair Pay Act), and the 50th anniversary of the Equal Pay Act, and as the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs says in so many words that it's going to keep on scrutinizing contractors' pay in every way possible until it finds a violation, I'm going to be contrary: here are five reasons why I think the "gender pay gap" is mostly baloney.
Res ipsa loquitur.
1. The "X cents on the dollar" argument is fallacious. This statistic measures all women in the workplace against all men in the workplace. It takes nothing into account except sex and pay. That's it. It doesn't control for anything else that might affect a person's pay, such as educational level, years in the workforce, skill or experience level, willingness to travel or do "dirty" work, or anything. Just sex and pay. So it doesn't tell you much of anything about discrimination. At most, it's the first piece in a 2,000-piece jigsaw puzzle. Here are a few of the other 1,999 pieces:
Problem solved! My work here is done!
2. Statistically speaking, men are disproportionately willing to work heavy, dirty, dangerous jobs in bad conditions with long or inconvenient hours. Because these jobs totally stink aren't very pleasant, companies are sometimes willing to pay quite a lot to anyone who is willing to do them. Companies don't have to do that with nice, clean, 9-to-5, Monday-through-Friday office jobs, or even "pink-collar" jobs, which might have inconvenient hours and be stressful in some ways but don't usually involve danger or heavy lifting.
3. Statistically speaking, women are more likely to start their work lives later and interrupt their work lives. (Remember, we are talking "statistically.") The work force is still full of women my age and older, who unlike today's young women, may not have jumped right into their chosen careers, often because we were working at dead-end jobs for a few years while our husbands went to professional school or threw themselves headlong into their own careers. And/or we were having babies. (In my own case, I didn't even start law school until I was 30 and already had one child. And I'm not that unusual.) Even if we were working, we quit* when we had babies. Our husbands never did -- male "moms" are a relatively new phenomenon.
*Quit working outside the home. Moms and dads who stay home, of course, do a ton of work.
So, if you're young, remember that the "pay equity" stats include us as well as you, and we have a big pay gap that usually was not a result of discrimination by employers but a result of family choices we made at various stages of our lives. In other words, our choices are bringing down the average for the whole group of working women. Don't you feel better now? :-)
4. In the most recent recession, the pay gap narrowed somewhat, and do you know why? It's because women were employed while men were unemployed. (Statistically speaking, of course.) That's right -- men were disproportionately affected by the last recession. You may recall that they even called it a "mancession." Most of the jobs that went away were "men's" jobs -- construction, heavy manufacturing, etc. This narrowed the gender pay gap because women were making a little bit of money while many men were not making any money. If the pay gap really is widening again, I hope it's because some of those poor unemployed men have started to find jobs.
5. Even when they're in the workforce, women disproportionately treat their jobs as "secondary" to their spouses' so that they'll have time to devote to their families. (Statistically speaking again, of course.) Just look around you. Count up the women you know who take off work when their kids are sick, assume primary responsibility for taking care of elderly or sick relatives (including their in-laws), move when their spouses get transferred, and say they want a job that they can "forget about" when they go home at night. Now count up the men you know who do these things.
Some might say taking good care of them is as rewarding a career as any.
My guess is that everyone's circle of acquaintances will include a relatively large number of women, and a relatively small number of men, who do. Now -- tell me who do you think is probably going to make more money at work? Would it be the people who consider their jobs "secondary" to the jobs of their spouses, or would it be the people who consider their jobs to be the "primary" jobs in the family? Do I really have to ask? Of course not. And, if that's the way those women want it, then what's the problem?
I can tell you what the problem isn't: it isn't employment discrimination.
Image credits: Wikimedia Commons: (1) President Obama signing Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act into law (January 2009) with Lilly Ledbetter standing behind him (in black turtleneck); (2) random person starting a jigsaw puzzle; (3) Benno Adam, "Stier"; (4) William-Adolphe Bouguereau, "The Elder Sister."



Comments (18)
Read through and enter the discussion by using the form at the endMarc Brenman - March 15, 2013 8:50 AM
Actually, the studies on gender pay disparities are all over the map, with many explanations proffered. Some percent of the difference is probably due to discrimination, and to institutionalized discrimination, such as lack of day care for children, since women provide most of the childcare in the US.
Robin E. Shea - March 15, 2013 10:00 AM
Hi, Mark - thanks very much for your comment. I don't contend that discrimination never occurs, but only that it isn't nearly as frequent or severe as is implied by these gender-pay statistics. A lack of day care may indeed be part of the problem, but that doesn't amount to pay discrimination by employers.
Kathleen M. Connelly - March 15, 2013 12:35 PM
Robin, speaking as an employment law practitioner who opted for a part-time status while raising my children, I have echoed your sentiments for decades! Yes, there are instances of discrimination, but I for one have always noted the glaring absence of the factors you raise in the dialogue, factors that in all fairness need to be on the table. Kudos to you!
Mary Wright - March 15, 2013 1:44 PM
I cannot keep up with what my opinion ought to be these days. Just kidding. Pay is disproportionate between white males and others AND there is discrimination BUT the two are not necessarily cause-related. As a working mom who has a stay-at-home husband (of 20+ year's standing), I've never had the secondary/primary breadwinner issue to deal with. As that becomes more common -- and frees up folks to equally seek demanding employment -- it will solve itself in another generation or so. Thanks for the thought provoking piece, Robin. You've stuck a stick in a hornets' nest now!
Robin E. Shea - March 15, 2013 3:03 PM
Kathleen, thank you very much!
Robin E. Shea - March 15, 2013 3:05 PM
Mary, I hope you are right that things will work themselves out with time. (Now I'll return to dodging hornets!)
Ellen Shong Bergman - March 15, 2013 3:18 PM
The only rational expectation about equality of pay is that which is based on equality of work and equality of opportunity. It is equality of OPPORTUNITY that is guaranteed by law, not equality of results.
A woman who has an equal opportunity to attend college chooses her course of study. A degree in mechanical engineering, computer science or biochemistry is as available to her as a degree in early childhood education, nursing or art history. Those who suggest she should be insulated from the consequences of her choice -- let's pay her AS IF she were an engineeer (notwithstanding her shorter hours/no travel/a schedule compatible with that of her children, etc.) -- have certainly said that her choices don't have value to THEM. So? Why should that matter if they have value to HER?
Moreoever, why should all who so highly value women's reproductive "choices" not equally value women's employment choices?
Robin E. Shea - March 15, 2013 3:41 PM
Ellen, this is very well put. I agree 100%!
Jay - March 16, 2013 2:24 PM
Much of what you point out is related to long term compensation trend. One way to resolve whether or not this bias is really true is to start with male/female populations at similar ages. For example, I'd be curious to see what average pay looks like for new graduates/degrees in a variety of fields - engineering, nursing, marketing, etc. Colleges should be collecting this data but don't because they might be held accountable to actually create value.
If you have a large number of freshly minted, roughly age similar workers of differing background and grades before the women have started having children, then they are all at the same point and there should be no pay gap. But if, after controlling for differences in grades, schools, and majors, there is still a male/female disparity, then you can argue that gender bias exists. I have not seen any such studies (not saying they don't exist, just that I haven't seen any).
Your last statement is not verifiable without this sort of proof. I could just as easily say "the problem IS employment discrimination" and be just as right.
Suzanne Lucas--Evil HR Lady - March 16, 2013 3:42 PM
Yes, yes, and yes. We make choices. Choices have consequences. My husband and I met in graduate school, so we have identical degrees. (And I even got slightly better grades then him, except in statistics.) Who makes more money? He does. Discrimination? Hardly.
I chose HR. He chose marketing. I went part time when we had our first child. He started working even more hours. He is willing to do a ton of travel. I once went to a meeting in NJ. When a kid is sick, who stays home? I do.
I'm just as smart as he is, but I've made very different choices, and we have very different pay checks.
Troy - March 17, 2013 5:43 PM
This is a very interesting article. I agree there are so many factors that need to be taken into consideration before blanket statements can be applied. Women will have longer absences from their career (due to childbirth and other reasons listed in the article) that will effect their ability to advance in comparison to men. Seems somewhat unfair but strictly from the workplace point of view it makes sense that the individual that has the most interrupted time would be most rewarded monetarily.
Paul Cashion - March 18, 2013 2:06 PM
Regarding Jay's comment, there is a recent study by the American Association of University Women (AAUW) that may address those questions. See: http://www.aauw.org/research/graduating-to-a-pay-gap/
I can't speak to the quality of the research (I may have had the same problem with statistics that Suzanne had!), but the results seem to indicate that some degree of institutional discrimination cannot be dismissed out of hand. The researchers claim that about one-third of the pay gap cannot be explained by women's employment choices.
That's not to disagree with Robin's points, which are all the more powerful coming from a women. In particular, the 82-cents-on-the-dollar chestnut is not only fallacious, it's all but dishonest.
Randy Martinez - March 19, 2013 7:12 AM
Hi Robin, I am going to say I half agree with what you say. I am going to present another part of the story. In occupations, such as sales, I am going to disagree and say there is a pay gap. Why? Because getting a sale often depends on such soft factors as personal relationships that are developed over a long period of time. My wife is a health insurance broker. She makes less than other male brokers, a factor I have seen with her female sales colleagues. Why? Because sales often depends on such things as playing golf, going out to the country club or participating in other male dominated activities usually surrounding sports or consumption of alcohol. If you are a female and do not participate, and participate with gusto in those activities, you are simply not going to make as much as a male who does. And, in some field's, you will have to deal with male clients from different countries, especially ones that either do not like doing work with women. They will simply make it so much more difficult for a woman to prosper if the business relationship does not start out on a mutual field of respect. Am I prepared to say that there is a universal pay gap? No. However, do I believe there is a pay gap in selected fields, like sales or in fields involving international business...oh yes I certainly am.
Robin E. Shea - March 19, 2013 8:43 AM
Jay, you raise a very good point. I believe there was a relatively recent study that showed exactly what you propose - that young graduates' earnings are equivalent and that the gender gap widens over time, which would tend to support an inference that the gap was a result of women's increased "family" responsibilities and other choices. There are also studies showing that (among older workers) the pay gap is a result of many non-discriminatory factors, such as the lifestyle choices I discuss in my post.
I realize that you may debate whether women's relatively greater family responsibility is a "choice," but whether it is or isn't, it is not a result of discrimination by employers.
Robin E. Shea - March 19, 2013 8:47 AM
Suzanne, thank you so much for writing. I have really appreciated your longstanding position on the so-called "gender pay gap," as well!
To my readers, if you haven't already bookmarked it, please be sure to visit "The Evil HR Lady" blog by Suzanne Lucas. It is excellent, and I see that she had a post yesterday on "Do Women Derail Their Own Careers?" Here's the link:
http://evilhrlady.org/
Robin E. Shea - March 19, 2013 8:49 AM
Yes, Troy, I guess it is "unfair" in one way . . . although speaking for myself, I found motherhood to be well worth the sacrifice! :-)
Robin E. Shea - March 19, 2013 8:51 AM
Hi, Paul - thank you for citing to the AAUW study. (And, I'm glad to take one on the chin so that you guys don't have to, tehe!)
Robin E. Shea - March 19, 2013 9:03 AM
Randy, your point about sales is excellent. I've seen it with minority sales reps, too - they'll be assigned to the "inner city" territories, which are generally less lucrative, and then they're penalized because their numbers aren't as good as those of their Caucasian counterparts who are assigned to affluent "country club" territories. And I do think you are correct that men from certain countries sometimes have very different attitudes about working with women, which could hurt a female rep who does a significant amount of international business. (If it doesn't result in her complete exclusion.)
Even in the United States, some sales clients expect to be entertained at "gentlemen's clubs," which makes it tough for a female rep. Most of the companies I deal with just decided years ago to stop offering this as a form of "client entertainment," so it's not too much of an issue any more. (At least, I hope not.) On the other hand, I don't know why a female sales rep would necessarily be excluded from playing golf or going to the country club.
But I agree with most of what you've said and appreciate your providing this perspective.